Teknik genetik: anugerah atau kutukan

Teknik genetik: anugerah atau kutukan

Teknik genetik adalah seni dan ilmu pengetahuan dandanan genetik beberapa jasad hidup yang berganti untuk mendapat keuntungan yang dimaksudkan sampai macam manusiawi dan manusia masyarakat sebagai seluruh. Adalah teknik laboratorium yang terbiasa dengan uang kembalian oleh ilmuwan DNA jasad hidup. Modifikasi genetik yang merencanakan yang genetik (GM) dan gen menyambungkan adalah syarat-syarat untuk proses gen memainkan, biasanya melewati organism's kelaziman reproduksi proses dan kelakuan. DNA adalah rencana untuk kepribadian tanaman atau seekor binatang. Jasad mengandalkan pada informasi disimpan di DNAnya untuk pengaturan setiap proses biokimia. Hidup, pertumbuhan dan roman unik jasad mengandalkan DNAnya karena membawa dan menyimpan pesan yang diperlukan untuk semua fungsi ini. Bagian-bagian DNA yang sudah dihubungkan dengan roman atau fungsi spesifik seekor jasad dianggap gen.

Teknik genetik memerlukan isolasi, manipulasi dan re-perkenalan DNA ke dalam sel atau jasad model, biasanya untuk mengungkapkan protein. Tujuan akan memperkenalkan sifat atau sifat baru secara faali atau fisik, seperti membuat tanaman pangan resistan ke herbicide, memperkenalkan ciri baru, atau menghasilkan protein atau enzim baru, serta mengubah jasad untuk menghasilkan lebih banyak ciri tertentu. Beberapa contoh termasuk produksi insulin manusia itu lewat penggunaan bakteri terubah, produksi erythropoietin di sel Indung Telur Tupai Cina, dan produksi macam baru tikus percobaan itu seperti OncoMouse (kanker tikus) untuk penelitian, lewat genetik merancang kembali. Penemuan proses berhubungan dengan Daniel Nathans dan Hamilton Smith menerima 1978 Nobel Prize di obat untuk isolasi mereka restriction endonucleases, yang dapat membagi DNA di tempat khas. Bersama dengan ligase, yang bisa menghubungkan pecahan DNA bersama, restriction enzim merupakan recombinant teknologi DNA.

Pakar biologi molekuler sudah menemukan banyak enzim yang mengubah susunan DNA dalam hidup jasad. Beberapa enzim ini bisa memotong dan menghubungkan helaian DNA. Using enzim seperti itu, ilmuwan belajar memotong gen khas dari DNA dan untuk membangun membuat DNA yang memakai gen ini menurut pesanan. Mereka juga mengetahui tentang vektor, helaian sendiri DNA seperti virus, yang bisa menulari sel dan sisipan ke dalam DNA. Geneticnya insinyur percaya bahwa mereka bisa memperbaiki makanan kami makan dengan melakukan ini. Sesuatu seperti itu contoh ialah, tomat peka terhadap embun beku dan ini memperpendek musim semakin meningkat mereka. Ilmuwan mengenali gen khusus yang memungkinkan seekor ikan flounder melawan dingin dan bekas teknologi teknik genetik untuk memasukkan 'anti-freeze' ini; gen ke dalam tomat. Ini membuatnya mungkin memanjang musim semakin meningkat tomat.

It looks really exciting when we hear such things happening as human endeavour to help many of the problems we face. However, it is also alarming to note the dangers it may pose to us. The suspicion on the validity of the concept is because of some unanswered question of the science and doubt it has created into the human mind.

To some who does not approve the act of genetic engineering, this is not engineering in the conventional sense. Engineering as a term usually implies an effective total knowledge of the results of any given intervention. There is ample example of the fact that changing one's DNA sequence in an organism has systemic changes. This field is clearly demonstrating hubris by calling itself 'engineering'.

The first Genetically Engineered drug was human insulin approved by the USA's FDA in 1982. In 1986 the FDA approved the first genetically engineered vaccine for humans, for hepatitis B. Since these early uses of the technology in medicine, the use of genetic engineering has expanded to supply many drugs and vaccines.One of the best known applications of genetic engineering is that of the creation of genetically modified organisms (GMOs).There are potentially momentous biotechnological applications of GM, for example oral vaccines produced naturally in fruit, at very low cost. A radical ambition of some groups is human enhancement via genetics, eventually by molecular engineering.
However, some consumers and advocacy groups urge mandatory labeling that discloses the use of genetic engineering. Others advocate more stringent testing of these products before marketing. Still others want a ban on all genetically engineered foods.

The Food and Drug Administration is confident that the genetically engineered food products in the U.S. market today are as safe as their conventionally bred counterparts, and the agency is prepared to meet the safety and regulatory challenges presented by new products as they emerge from the laboratory.

By traditional genetic modification methods, such as cross-fertilization, scientists can produce a desired trait, such as a hardier plant. But while doing so, they mix thousands of genes from several plants, requiring many attempts over many years to weed out the unwanted traits that occur. Newer methods of genetic modification, in the form of genetic engineering, are more precise and predictable--and faster. By controlling the insertion of one or two genes into a plant, scientists can give it a specific new characteristic without transferring undesirable traits.

The first generation of genetically engineered crops was developed primarily to benefit the growers. Plants were created to resist pests and diseases and to tolerate herbicides used to kill weeds. Scientists see the next generation of genetically engineered products benefiting consumers directly. They are adding nutrients to foods to help prevent diseases, reducing allergens and toxins, and making foods tastier.
Scientists are also developing new varieties of crops that can withstand harsh growing conditions. The world population continues to increase at an explosive rate, our arable land is deteriorating, fresh water is becoming scarce, and increasing environmental stresses will pose ever more serious threats to global agricultural production and food security in future years. Anything can be done to help crop plants cope with environmental stresses will also raise the quality and quantity of food for those who need it most.

One concern about genetic engineering is that scientists might unknowingly create or enhance a food allergen. But researchers are hoping that this powerful technology can be used to eliminate or reduce allergens, such as those found in peanuts, wheat and soy. Using a "gene silencing" technique, researchers were able to "knock out" a gene that makes a protein called P34, which is thought to trigger most allergic reactions to soy.

As the pace of genetic engineering is growing, plants may become miniature "factories" for pharmaceuticals through genetic engineering. Scientists are growing plants that produce antibodies to help fight cancer, heart disease and tooth decay. And researchers are experimenting with growing fruits and vegetables that contain vaccines for measles, hepatitis B, Norwalk virus, diarrhea, cholera and more.
Genetically engineered plants are regulated by three government agencies: the FDA, the USDA, and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The FDA ensures that foods made from these plants are safe for humans and animals to eat; the USDA makes sure the plants are safe to grow, and the EPA ensures that pesticides introduced into the plants are safe for human and animal consumption and for the environment.
In July 2003, the Codex Alimentarius Commission adopted international guidelines for biotech food safety that are consistent with the FDA's approach. Codex, an entity established by the World Health Organization and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, is the highest international body on food standards.

On the issue of labeling, the FDA has no information that the use of biotechnology creates a class of food that is different in quality, safety or any other attribute from food developed using conventional breeding techniques. FDA is in opinion that genetic engineering techniques is not required on the label, just as identification of conventional breeding techniques is not required--for example, "hybrid wheat" can just be called "wheat."

In recent times, genetic engineering and genetically modified organisms and crops have become the topic of serious debate between advocacy groups and the scientists. There is a general perception that the advocacy groups are backed by plant protection chemical companies and that’s how, they are against the emerging technology of genetic engineering. Most of the arguments these advocacy group suggests does not have any scientific basis, yet some of the doubts and threats would haunt novice people who do not know much about the science behind the whole affair. While the advocacy group still wants to rely on the principle of natural selection of evolution, modern scientists have taken the battle for artificial selection through the mode of genetic engineering. As long as the genetic engineering is safe and beneficial to humans, let it be a boon and not a bane.